Faculties

The Faculty of Natural Science and Geography

Chair of anatomy, physiology and hygiene of the man

Since 80 years the chair of anatomy, physiology and hygiene of the man was headed by the doctor of medical sciences, professor Valentin Aleksandrovich Sosenkov. Sphere of his interests and scientific competence was maximum nervous activity, i.e. physiology of the large hemispheres of a brain. He was one of the basic developers of a method functional coldic of deenergizing neocorthecs at animal in conditions of chronic experiment created in laboratory neuron of physiology of the Gorky's medical institute under the direction of the member - correspondent of Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, professor N.Y.Belenkov's. Use of this method, of which in due time dreamed I.P.Pavlov, has allowed differently to look at mechanisms of activity of the whole brain. Armed by new knowledge received during performance of the doctor's dissertation, the professor V.A.Sosenkov has found possible to transfer scientific researches of chair in a channel psychological and physiological problem, keeping thus ontological-genetical the approach. Within the framework of a rate of maximum nervous activity to the students of faculty of natural science and geography began to be read to lecture on physiological bases of professional orientation and to be carried out a special practical work with the similar name.

For amplification scientific work in a physiological direction in 1988 the professor V.A.Sosenkov invites to chair as the senior teacher of the schoolboy and co-author on a method of cooling of the candidate of medical sciences V.I.Sherbakov's, which in 1989 successfully protects the doctor's dissertation. Since 1991 the doctor of medical sciences Vitaly Ivanovich Sherbakov becomes the head by chair and chief of scientific researches.

V.A.Sosenkov remains by the professor of chair and irreplaceable adviser both on scientific, and on educational and methodical questions.

Since 1992 the scientific subjects of chair is even more concretized, the researches get not only theoretical, but also applied character and concentrate on study of functions of acoustical and visual analyzers - basic touch channels "having" a brain of the man by the information on the external world. It is important to emphasize, that the function of these touch systems also is studied in ontological and genetic aspects. By 1995 on chair of anatomy and physiology NSPU there is an essentially new direction leaning on rich experimental and theoretical traditions of the Nizhniy Novgorod physiological school, which sources had academician P.K.Anohin. For the first time, having applied a method dichotic stimulation, the attempt of penetration in physiological mechanisms of the subjective world of the man was undertaken. The method dichotic stimulation in a complex with modern ways of creation interauralic of amplitude- temporary combinations has allowed to form artificial, for the present primitive subjective sphere of the man and to simulate in it the diversified patterns of spatial acoustical sensations.

The representations I.M.Sechenov's that neuron and physiological basis make all without exception of the mental phenomena reflexes, enough for a long time were ratified in physiology. However problem of spatial hearing till now was not exposed to the detailed analysis with reflectorical of positions, that its decision strongly braked. For the majority of the researchers and to this day search in a brain the mechanism catching and "collating" parameters of pair snails (a sound of receivers). Probably, therefore available models of localization explain only possible way of measurement interauralic of distinctions of signals. In other words, the study of mechanisms locating sounds in basic goes only at a level afferents of a link of the acoustical analyzer. Then, agrees I.M.Sechenov's, the answer-back reaction from the party only afferents of elements of the acoustical analyzer can not be the proof of occurrence of a subjective image with the certain spatial parameters. The unique reliable criterion can be served effectoric display, for example by rough reaction. But at dichotic stimulation (i.e. at stimulation through headphones) the rough reaction as turn of a head loses any meaning, for a sound image projecting inside a head. For this reason reflectoric the approach is ignored at study of mechanisms of spatial hearing. The researches on children of preschool age have revealed reflectoric a component at localization of a sound image (SI), driven inside a head with the given speed on interauralic to an arch. At spasmodic moving SI at many children were observed appropriate (so-called sakkadic) watching movements of an eye speaking that children as though wanted to see a virtual source of a sound. Before these works spent on chair NSPU, in the literature in general there were no data about formation of spatial hearing in ontogenesis of the man, though does not cause doubt, that the opportunities locating sounds for example, one-year-old of the child and adult man are non-comparable. Therefore chairs, spent by the employees, of research have involved in themselves wide attention physiologists and psychologists working in the field of a physiological problem, in the field of study neuron and physiological equivalents of the mental phenomena.

The essentially new data on mechanisms of spatial hearing could be received only due to new methods of research, what the founders of domestic physiology - I.M.Sechenov and I.P.Pavlov repeatedly specified. Methods of physiological testing the developed employees of chair (the professors V.I.Sherbakov, senior lecturers V.A.Alymov, senior teachers M.K.Parenko, S.A.Polevaya, N.N.Sheromovaya, the post-graduate students S.I.Volkova, T.D.Vodenisova) have received the sanction not only to rehabilitate reflexional the approach to study of mechanisms of localization of a sound, but have opened additional opportunities for research of principles of work of a brain as a whole and, in particular, of principles of interactions between hemispheres, functional asymmetry between hemispheres etc. The new ways, patented in 90 years, of physiological research of spatial hearing, speed of reactions moving eye, touch asymmetry between hemispheres, functional condition of a brain can be used in work of medical, psychological and pedagogical commissions for mental diagnostics and definition of a level of school maturity.

POSTGRADUATE STUDY

In 1995 at chair "the Physiology of the man and animals" was open post-graduate study on a speciality. With 1997 for 2000 4 candidate dissertations were protected. The results of scientific work have received reflection on XV, XVI, XVII congresses of the All-Russia physiological society, at the All-Russia conference "Problems of formation harmonious of the advanced person learning in modern conditions" (Cheboksari, 1995), on Nizhniy Novgorod sessions, spent annually since 1996, young scientific (Nizhni Novgorod, 1997, at meeting of the Russian Academy of sciences "Physiology of hearing and speech" (St.-Petersburg, 2000) etc.

SCIENTIFICALLY RESEARCH WORK

With 1987 for 2000 is published about 100 printed works, including in the central seal. 15 methodical grants are issued more than. Among the scientific publications of last years the special place is occupied by clause in a magazine "Successes of physiological sciences" (1994, №1). The authors of this work (V.I.Sherbakov, Y.I.Kosyuge) is argued have proved, that no-cross acoustical ways occur during evolution essentially to improve opportunities locating sounds, maximum animals and man. It became clear, that more or less exact definition of an azimuth of a sound needs not only perception it by two of ears, but also "neuronic and physiological" processing of the acting information by both hemispheres. This research has formed the basis for essential modernization of methods dichotic stimulation, for development of new ways of physiological testing, for involving in sphere of research of visual touch system etc.

The results of scientific researches take root into educational process and the physiologies, physiology of Maximum nervous activity are used in lecture rates and on practical employment on physiology of the man, age anatomy and physiology.

The teachers of chair traditionally conduct research work with the pupils of schools of city (Scientific society of the pupils), this work per different years was carried out by the senior lecturers E.A.Fatyanova, A.I.Kulikova, Z.I.Zajceva. Since 1999 under the initiative of the senior lecturer Y.V.Egorova on the basis of chair began to be carried out urban conferences of the pupils on the program "Ecology and health" together with Place of creativity young of V.P.Chkalov's. The chair was awarded for participation in these conferences with the letters of department of education and science.